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Research progress of ergothionein in edible fungi
In recent years, the European Union, the United States, Canada, Japan have issued ergothione in food, medicine, cosmetics and other fields of the use of licenses and standards. China has included it in the list of raw materials for cosmetics, and the China Food and Drug Enterprise Quality and Safety Promotion Association issued the group standard of "ergothionein for Cosmetic Raw Materials" in October 2023. On May 17, 2024, the National Health Commission accepted the application of ergothionein as a new food raw material and is currently under approval. International brands such as Estee Lauder, Clinique and Elizabeth Arden have launched cosmetics containing ergothione, as well as the "ergothione dietary supplement" series of products by SuperSmart and Real Mushrooms, making ergothione an "Internet celebrity compound" and attracting the attention of investors. According to the analysis report of QYResearch, North America and Europe are the world's largest ergothione consumption market and production region, accounting for more than 80% of the world's consumption; In 2022, core vendors BarnetProducts and Tetrahedreon's products accounted for more than 82% of the market share. Recently, China's biological and chemical giants, such as Twinings Biological, Huamao Pharmaceutical, only three biological, Huarui Biological, etc., have begun to research and development and production of ergothionein. With the continuous exploration of ergothionein, the physiological functions of ergothionein such as anti-oxidation, protection of nerve cells, anti-aging, beauty and beauty have been continuously analyzed, and the demand for ergothionein has also increased rapidly. Studies have shown that the human body cannot synthesize ergothionein itself, and it can only be taken from food. Only actinomyces, cyanobacteria, methyl bacteria and some non-yeast fungi are known to be able to naturally synthesize ergothionein, and among these biological groups, only large edible fungi (edible fungi) can form bulk ingredients for human consumption, and edible fungi are the biological groups that can naturally synthesize ergothionein and have a high content of ergothionein. Therefore, edible fungi (both wild and cultivated) are the best food source for humans to obtain ergothione, and ergothione is also known as the "longevity vitamin" in edible fungi.
The main function of ergothioneine
Ⅰ.Antioxidant action: Ergothioneine is a strong natural antioxidant. It can effectively remove free radicals such as · OH; It can chelate iron and copper ions and prevent H₂O₂ from forming · OH under the action of iron or copper ions; It can also inhibit the oxidation of copper-dependent oxygenated hemoglobin, and the peroxidation of arachidonic acid caused by mixing myoglobin (or hemoglobin) with H₂O₂; It can also strongly clear hypochlorous acid and prevent the inactivation of A1 - antiprotease.
Ⅱ.Protective effect on cells: Ergothione is a powerful hypochlorous acid scavenger that can protect cells from hypochlorous acid.
Ⅲ. Anti-inflammatory effect: Ergothioneine inhibits peroxy nitroso-mediated oxidation of amino acids, such as tyrosine nitration, which provides a feasible treatment for inflammation.
Ⅳ.Other possible physiological functions: studies have found that ergothionein may also transport cations, catalyze carboxylation or decarboxylation of carbon dioxide, regulate thyroid and anti-thyroid, regulate histamine or antihistamine, cholinoid function or anti-parasympathetic physiological effects, regulate the reaction activity of other acyl carriers, or itself as an acid-base carrier.
The following is the role of ergothionein in several edible fungi
Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus bisporus is the most consumed edible mushroom in the world, and the function of ergothionein has been studied more. Studies have found that the bisporal mushroom ergothione can inhibit postmeal triglyceride reaction, thereby reducing the occurrence of cardiovascular disease. The ergothionein-rich mushroom diet can effectively prevent atherosclerosis in mice induced by high-fat diet. Eating ergothionein-rich mushrooms for 2 weeks significantly improved depressive symptoms in mice. Calvo conducted a statistical study on 37 volunteers who took a daily dose of ergothionein-containing bisporal mushrooms, and measured the content of ergothionein in serum and the level of markers of oxidative stress, proving that increasing the intake of ergothionein-rich edible fungi in food is conducive to alleviating the symptoms of type 2 diabetes. D 'Onofrio first discovered that ergothioneine can delay hyperglycemia-induced endothelial cell dysfunction by regulating SIRT1 and SIRT6 signaling pathways, and confirmed that ergothioneine can reduce the expression level of diabetes-inducing compounds and their precursors in humans. And alleviate the symptoms of diabetes complications of these two different paths, and finally realize the effective intervention of diabetes.
Oyster mushroom
Abidin found that the crude extract of Pleurotus pulmonarius rich in ergothioneine could prevent the toxic injury of human aortic endothelial cells induced by hydrogen peroxide, effectively reduce the formation of conjugated diene and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and thus inhibit the oxidation of low density lipoprotein in human body. Pang et al. found that the concentration of ergothione extracted from oyster mushroom was 3.823 mg/mL, and the scavenging ability of free radicals was basically the same as that of vitamin C. Subsequent studies on the regulatory effects of ergothionein on ulcerative colitis induced by sodium glucan sulfate in rats showed that gavage of 40 mg/kg ergothionein could increase the body weight of rats, down-regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, significantly inhibit the shortening of colon length and alleviate the pathological injury of colon.
Hericium ericium
Roda demonstrated that ergothionein-rich Hericium Erinaceus Extract can increase the expression of glutamate receptors in mice, prevent memory decline and cognitive decline during aging in mice, and slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Because ergothione of hererium mushroom has the potential to delay aging, increasing the intake of ergothione in the diet is of great benefit to human health, so it is also known as a "longevity vitamin".
Pleurotus eryngii
Li Yahuang found that ergothione extract of Pleurotus eryngii had a significantly higher scavenging ability on hydroxyl free radicals in vitro than glutathione, and was extremely efficient, and could react with hydroxyl free radicals almost instantaneously. Wang Yan et al. confirmed that ergothione extract of Pleurotus eryngii had a better effect on protein oxidation and rancidity deterioration in stored fish than tert-butylhydroquinone, a synthetic food antioxidant.
Ergothione is the Main Component of antidepressant action.
Application of ergothioneine
Ⅰ.For organ transplantation:
Ergothionein is an antioxidant that is stable in aqueous solution and can chelate heavy metal ions, which can be used as a substitute for glutathione in the field of organ protection to achieve better protection of transplanted organs.
Ⅱ.Add to cosmetics as a skin protectant:
Ergothione can minimize the formation of reactive oxygen species and protect cells from radiation damage, so ergothione can be used as a skin protective agent added to some cosmetics for the development of outdoor skin care products and protective cosmetics.
Ⅲ.Applications in ophthalmology:
Ophthalmic surgery is usually performed locally, and the water solubility and stability of ergothioneine provide feasibility for this kind of surgery, which has great application value.
Ⅳ.Other applications:
Ergothione can be used in many fields because of its excellent properties. For example, it is used in the field of medicine, food, health products, cosmetics and so on. In the field of medicine can be used to treat inflammation, can be made into tablets, capsules, oral preparations, etc.; In the field of health products can prevent the occurrence of cancer, can be made into functional food, functional drinks and other products, in the field of cosmetics can be used for anti-aging, can be made into sunscreen and other products.
The above is about erythrothioneine related information.In addition, except to the erythrothioneine, we also have other products related to herbal extracts. Examples include fruit and vegetable powders, standardized extracts, mushroom extracts, natural Plant Pigments, weight loss extracts and Dietary Supplements. Shaanxi Zhongyi Kangjian Biotechnology Co., Ltd. has established a direct collection system of plant raw materials to ensure the high quality of original medicinal materials. If you are interested in our products, please contact us.
